Poor countries tend to have many people working in non-formal sectors, which don't even factor into these pension schemes.

贫困国家往往有很多人在非正式部门工作，而这些部门的工龄是根本不计入养老金方案的。

youdao

And we have seen bold moves to combine nine pensions tax regimes into one, meaning that for the vast majority of people, tax will not be a factor when it comes to saving in a pension.

BBC: Analysis

Another factor in play is the untracked amount of allocations from pension funds and other institutional investors into the loan market.

FORBES: Connect

For this group, a common factor in most plans is the utilization of a current market interest rate to convert the monthly pension to a lump sum figure.

FORBES: The Early Retirement Income Challenge